Creatol (5-hydroxycreatinine), a new toxin candidate in uremic patients

Summary Both 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (3) and the hitherto unrecognized 5-hydroxycreatinine (2-amino-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-imidazol-4(5H)-one or creatol) (6) can be isolated from the urine of uremic patients, in whom these compounds probably arise as oxidative metabolites of creatinine (1). The enhanced production of the well-known uremic toxin, methylguanidine (8), from creatinine (1) in such patients, almost certainly occurs via the newly recognized metabolite (6).     

Botulinum toxin as a carrier for oral vaccines

Botulinum toxin is an unusually potent substance that acts on the nervous system to produce the clinical outcome of flaccid paralysis. To produce this effect, the toxin ordinarily proceeds through two separate but essential sequences of events. During the first, the toxin is ingested, it traverses a portion of the gastrointestinal system and then it is transcytosed from the lumen of the gut to the general circulation. During the second, circulating toxin binds to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings, it is endocytosed and then it acts as a metalloendoprotease to cleave polypeptides that are essential for exocytosis. Although botulinum toxin is antigenic, it ordinarily does not evoke an immune response during or after cases of oral poisoning. This is due to the fact that the dose of toxin that produces flaccid paralysis—and potentially death—is less than the dose needed to evoke an antibody response. In the recent past, the techniques of molecular biology have been used to generate an expression product of botulinum toxin that retains the ability to escape the gut and reach the general circulation, retains the ability to evoke an immune response, but has lost the ability to produce neurotoxicity. This modified toxin may have two clinical applications. The expression product itself may have utility as an oral vaccine against botulism. Beyond this, the modified toxin, or a truncation mutant of the toxin, may have utility as a carrier in the construction of other oral vaccines. Both potential applications could lead to the expression of oral vaccines in common foods. Received 29 December 1998; received after revision 22 March 1999; accepted 24 March 1999     

眼镜蛇膜毒素与单克隆抗体偶联物对鼻咽癌细胞的特异性杀伤作用

应用柱层析和凝胶过滤的方法,从中华眼镜蛇的粗毒中分离纯化出一个不含磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）的膜毒素（Ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｔｏｘｉｎ,ＭＴ）组分．ＭＴ经电泳鉴定为单一成分．将ｑｄＭＴ与鼠抗人鼻咽癌细胞（ＣＮＥ２）的单克隆抗体（ＢＡＣ５）偶联制备成免疫毒素（ＢＡＣ５－ＭＴ）,经间接免疫荧光检测,证实免疫毒素仍保留了很好的生物活性．体外抗癌实验证明,在无Ｃａ２＋培养基中,游离的ＭＴ对ＣＮＥ２和Ｓ１８０细胞均有快速杀伤作用,并且对２种细胞的杀伤作用没有明显的区别,但ＢＡＣ５－ＭＴ同样在无Ｃａ２＋条件下,仅对靶细胞ＣＮＥ２有强烈的杀伤作用（杀伤率达７８．６％）,对Ｓ１８０细胞只有很弱的杀伤作用（杀伤率为２１．３％）．结果表明ＢＡＣ５－ＭＴ对ＣＮＥ２细胞有很好的选择性杀伤作用,提示蛇膜毒素在肿瘤的导向治疗中将是一条很有希望的途径．     

粘膜佐剂霍乱毒素B亚单位的克隆与表达

目的 :构建表达粘膜佐剂霍乱毒素B亚单位 (CTB)基因的重组质粒 ,并在大肠杆菌中表达获得基因重组蛋白。方法 :用PCR方法从霍乱弧菌中扩增CTB片段 ,将其转入原核载体质粒pET-32a( ) ,在大肠杆菌Top10克隆 ,并在BL21中表达。结果 :重组质粒PET-CTB的全长序列经分析与基因文库公布的一致 ;表达蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析 ,相对分子量与文献相符 ;重组蛋白竟Westernblot检测有抗原性。结论 :基因重组菌表达的CTB蛋白可能作为有效、安全的粘膜佐剂用于口服疫苗的研制     

水稻稻瘟病菌粗毒素对水稻幼穗组织培养的影响及抗性筛选

利用目前稻瘟病不同的优势小种菌株的液体培养提取的粗毒素对水稻幼穗进行处理,稻瘟病菌粗毒素对幼穗的愈伤诱导和分化有强烈的破坏作用,并且随着处理时间的增加或毒素浓度的增大受到破坏的程度愈深。用稻瘟病菌粗毒素浸泡幼穗对其愈伤诱导和分化都产生很强的抑制作用,能够起到抗性筛选的目的,处理的时间在24h以内可以得到胚性愈伤和分化成苗;筛选时毒素的浓度以30%为宜;用粗毒素直接浸泡幼穗愈伤组织对愈伤的伤害很大,得到的分化植株相对较少,但仍可作为一种抗性愈伤筛选的方法,其处理时间以24h较好;而且不同的水稻品种产生的耐性不同,并可以同时筛选出抗稻瘟病的突变体。     

Effects of pertussis toxin onα 1-agonist-mediated phosphatidylinositide turnover and myocardial cell hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes

Summary In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes pretreatment with pertussis toxin did not affect 1 M (–)-norepinephrine stimulation of inositol phosphates or myocardial cell hypertrophy as measured either by protein radiolabelling or by myocardial cell protein content. Thus guanine nucleotide protein (s) ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin do not play a role in two ₁-adrenoceptor-mediated processes, phosphatidylinositide turnover and induction of myocardial cell hypertrophy.     

扇贝食品中遗忘性贝毒素的开管电色谱快速检测技术研究

基于N-氨乙基-3-氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(AEPTS)键合开管柱,研究遗忘性贝类毒素(软骨藻酸,DA)的电色谱分离行为,建立了DA的毛细管开管柱电色谱(OTCEC)快速分析技术.考察并优化了缓冲液类型、缓冲液浓度、p H值、分离电压以及进样时间等参数影响,在最优条件下(20 mmol·L-1Na H2PO4-Na2HPO4缓冲液,p H=4.00,电动进样25 s,进样和分离电压为-18 k V),DA标准溶液在0.12~5.00μg·m L-1范围内线性良好,检测限(S/N=3)为0.03μg·m L-1.应用于扇贝中DA的快速分析,扇贝贝肉提取液无需净化即可直接进样,扇贝中DA线性浓度范围为0.50~10.00μg·m L-1,检测限(S/N=3)为0.25μg·m L-1(相当于贝肉中DA含量1.0μg·g-1),扇贝样品加标回收率为80.5%~83.1%,RSD8.5%.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定4种麻痹性贝类毒素

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定贝类中4种麻痹性贝类毒素的方法。样品均质后经乙酸水溶液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,超高效液相色谱分离,串联四级杆质谱检测,外标法定量。STX、dcSTX、neoSTX、dcneoSTX在10.0～50.0μg/kg的添加范围内的平均回收率为77.4%～90.8%,相对标准偏差为3.87%～6.37%,定量检出限均为10.0μg/kg。该方法分析速度快、灵敏度高、重现性好,可广泛适用于贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素的测定。